Background readings on the Russia-China border issue.

P.B., “Imperial and Soviet Russia in Manchuria,” The World Today, Vol. 2, No. 9 (Sept, 1946), 414-430.

Gerson, Michael S. The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict: Deterrence, Escalation, and the Threat of Nuclear War in 1969. CRM D0022974.A2/Final. (Arlington, VA: CNA Strategic Studies, 2010).

Hill, Fiona, and Clifford Gaddy, The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2003).

Martin, Terry, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (2001).

Paine, S. C. M. Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier (Armonk, 1996).

Paine, S.C.M., “By Land or by Sea: Continental Power, Maritime Power, and the Fight for a New World Order,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 104, no. 5 (Sept/Oct 2025), 160-171.

Robinson, Thomas, “The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), 1175-1202.

Salisbury, Harrison, War Between Russia and China (Norton: New York, 1969)

Tang, Peter, “Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present,” The Russian Review , Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), 403-415.

Thubron, Colin. The Amur River: Between Russia and China (Harper Perennial: New York, 2021)

Urbansky, Sӧren, Beyond the Steppe Frontier: A History of the Sino-Russian Border (Princeton University Press, 2020).

Werth, Paul, How Russia Got Big (Bloomsbury, 2025).

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https://aheadoftheherd.com/why-russias-biggest-threat-is-china-richard-mills/

https://besacenter.org/on-china-territorial-claims-against-the-russian-federation/

https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2015/05/aigun-russia-and-chinas-century-of-humiliation

https://cepa.org/article/goodbye-vladivostok-hello-haishenwai/

https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/03/24/on-national-humiliation-dont-mention-the-russians/

https://engelsbergideas.com/essays/china-and-russia-forever-brothers/